Un marco conceptual para el automanejo del asma pediátrica en una ciudad andina de Ecuador: una investigación cualitativa en niños que viven en una zona urbana de Ecuador
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-3910
María Jose Peñaherrera
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2986-7789
Diana Morillo
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-2584
Susana Andrade
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-5125
Katherine Peralta
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9647-712X
Nelly Lazo
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-1448
Signe Vargas
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-1376
Denisse Vasquez
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-1416
Claudia Rodas
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6204-0513
Silvana Donoso
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8556-7334
Angélica Ochoa-Avilés
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-3644
Resumen
Resumen. Antecedentes: Los síntomas del asma a menudo pueden controlarse mediante un autocontrol adecuado, el cumplimiento de la medicación y la evitación de los desencadenantes, evitando así grandes costes por múltiples hospitalizaciones, urgencias o visitas ambulatorias. Objetivo: Desarrollar un marco conceptual de los factores que influyen en el autocontrol del asma en niños y adolescentes que viven en el área urbana andina de Cuenca-Ecuador. Método: Se realizó un estudio fenomenológico (febrero-abril 2021) en 10 niños y adolescentes de 7 a 17 años con diagnóstico de asma de hospitales públicos y privados. Se aplicaron entrevistas en profundidad utilizando una ruta de preguntas abiertas, la cual fue creada a partir de una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema. Entre los factores que influyen en el autocontrol del asma se incluyen los individuales (actitudes, autoeducación, búsqueda de atención médica, gestión de los desencadenantes de crisis) y los ambientales (sistema sanitario, apoyo escolar/familiar). Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas por dos revisores independientes. Resultados: en la población pediátrica se identifican influencias individuales y ambientales que afectan al autocontrol del asma y que están relacionadas con la edad y el nivel socioeconómico, respectivamente. Las creencias, actitudes, prácticas, percepciones, así como determinadas experiencias en los contextos familiar, escolar y del sistema sanitario fueron descritas por los participantes como relevantes para cumplir con el autocontrol del asma. Además, se identificaron problemas o barreras que dificultan el autocontrol de la enfermedad, principalmente relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: Nuestro análisis destaca la necesidad de programas que proporcionen información fiable sobre el autocontrol del asma y eduquen a los niños para superar los malentendidos. Se necesitan futuras investigaciones sobre el autocontrol del asma centradas en la promoción de un autocontrol ideal.
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Derechos de autor 2023 New Trends in Qualitative Research
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